Orig. Post March 17, 2015 by American Academy of Neurology | Re-Post May 27, 2015
It was previously thought that greater plasticity in the developing brain would support better recovery following injury. Recent evidence indicates that children and adolescents are more vulnerable than adults to poor outcomes and prolonged recovery from concussions. Further- more, concussions in youth may negatively affect social development and educational success. Recent research suggests that subconcussive head impacts experienced in sports also have acute and long-term neuroanatomical and functional consequences. Youth football players ages 9–12 can incur an average of 240, and up to 585, head impacts per season at magnitudes that parallel those experienced by high school and collegiate football players, several of which exceed 80g. With millions of youth athletes participating in contact sports annually, including 4.8 million football players, the long-term consequences of brain trauma in youth sports are a growing public health concern.
The timing of key neurodevelopmental pro- cesses could contribute to windows of vulnera- bility to brain trauma. A critical stage of brain development occurs between ages 10 and 12. However, the long-term consequences of repeated head impacts (RHI) incurred dur- ing this important neurodevelopmental period are unknown. To investigate the relationship between age of first exposure (AFE) to RHI through tackle football and later-life cognition, we evaluated 2 groups of former National Foot- ball League (NFL) players with the hypothesis that those who began playing football before age 12 would perform significantly worse on measures of executive function, memory, and premorbid estimated verbal IQ (eVIQ) than those who started playing at age 12 or older.
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